Index

Aguilar, Captain Gonzalo de, (i)

Aguirre, José Antonio (Basque president), (i)

air raids, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

aircraft, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

Dragon Rapide, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

Alcalá Zamora, Niceto, (i), (ii)

Alcázar, El (newspaper), (i), (ii)

Alcázar (Toledo), siege of, (i)

Alfacar, (i), (ii), (iii)

Alfonso XIII, King of Spain, (i), (ii)

Alicante, (i), (ii)

anarchists, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

Casas Viejas massacre, (i)

and Durruti’s death, (i), (ii), (iii)

and the May Days, (i), (ii)

Animal Farm, (i), (ii)

Argelès, JW in, (i)

Army of Africa, (i), (ii), (iii)

art collection, Prado museum, (i)

Artigas, Lieutenant Eduardo, (i)

Ascaso, Francisco, (i)

Asociación para la Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica, (i)

Assault Guards, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

Asturias, miners’ rebellion, (i), (ii)

Azaña y Díaz, Manuel (president of the Republic), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

Badajoz, (i), (ii), (iii)

Baladí, Francisco, (i), (ii)

Balmes, General, (i)

Barcelona, (i)

1936 rebellion crushed, (i)

football matches v. Madrid, (i), (ii)

anarchism in, (i), (ii), (iii)

May Days, (i), (ii)

falls to Nationalists, (i)

Basques, Basque Country, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

separatists, (i), (ii), (iii)

Guernica bombing, (i), (ii), (iii)

Bebb, Captain William, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

Begoña ( JW’s neighbour), (i), (ii)

Civil War experiences, (i), (ii)

Belchite

battle of, (i), (ii)

JW visits, (i)

Bilbao, (i)

Billmeir, J. A., (i), (ii)

Blanco, Admiral Carrero (later prime minister), (i)

Blue Division, (i)

Bolín, Luis, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

bombings

aerial, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

terrorist, (i), (ii)

Botella, Professor Miguel, (i)

Brunete, battle of, (i), (ii)

bull, emblem used in present-day propaganda, (i), (ii)

Burgos, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

JW in, (i)

Bushido: The Soul of Japan, (i)

Cabello, Cándido, (i)

Calvo Sotelo, José, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

Canaries, Franco in the, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Cantabria, (i), (ii)

Cartagena, (i)

Casablanca, (i)

Casares Quiroga, Santiago (prime minister), (i)

Casas Viejas, (i)

Castellón, mountains of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Castilians, attitude towards Basques and Catalans, (i), (ii)

Castillo, Lieutenant José, (i), (ii), (iii)

Castuera

during the Civil War, (i), (ii)

JW visits, (i)

casualties, of the Civil War, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

Casa Viejas, (i)

Granada, (i), (ii), (iii)

Madrid, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Víznar, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Seville, (i), (ii), (iii)

Castuera, (i), (ii)

Toledo, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Alicante, (i), (ii)

Durango, (i)

Guernica, (i), (ii)

Brunete, (i)

post-war, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Barcelona, (i)

Badajoz, (i), (ii)

Málaga, (i)

Teruel, (i)

Catalans, Catalonia, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

Cathar refugees, (i)

Cavotti, Lieutenant Giulio, (i)

CEDA (Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

Ceuta, (i), (ii)

chekas (unauthorized political courts), (i), (ii)

Chile, Pinochet’s coup, (i)

Chilton, Sir Henry, (i)

Civil Guard (Guardia Civil), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

Civil War, background to, (i), (ii), (iii)

CNT (National Confederation of Labour), (i), (ii)

communists, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

deaths in Chile, (i)

in Madrid, (i), (ii)

and George Orwell, (i), (ii), (iii)

and the May Days, (i), (ii)

and Nin’s death, (i)

concentration camps, (i)

Castuera, (i), (ii)

French, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

German, (i)

Condés, Captain Fernando, (i)

Condor Legion, (i), (ii), (iii)

Conference of Algeciras, (i)

Conscience of Castuera, (i), (ii)

Cortes, the (Spanish parliament), (i)

Cottmann, Stafford, (i)

Coventry, (i)

crosses, Francoist, (i)

Cuenca, Luis, (i)

Daladier, Edouard (French prime minister), (i)

Despedida (Farewell), (i)

Día de la Raza (Festival of the Spanish Race), (i), (ii), (iii)

Díaz, Manuel, (i)

Disaster, the (war with the USA), (i)

Dos Passos, John, (i)

drag queens, (i), (ii)

Dragon Rapide (biplane), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

drug running, (i), (ii), (iii)

Duelo a garrotazos, (i)

Durango, (i)

Durruti, Buenaventura, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

Ebro, battle of the, (i)

education, sanitized, (i), (ii)

elections, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

Escrivá, José María de Balaguer, (i)

ETA (Basque terror group), (i), (ii)

Euskera (Basque tongue), (i)

exiles, of the Civil War, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

Extremadura, (i), (ii)

FAI (Iberian Anarchist Federation), (i)

Falange, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

in present-day Spain, (i)

and Lorca’s death, (i), (ii)

coup in Granada, (i), (ii), (iii)

in Castuera, (i)

El Día de la Raza, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

founder executed, (i)

Franco assumes control, (i), (ii)

Falla, Manuel de, (i), (ii), (iii)

Fanelli, Giuseppe, (i)

Faraudo, Captain Carlos, (i)

Farewell (Despedida), (i)

farming, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Fernández Montesinos, Manuel, (i), (ii)

fifth column, origination of term, (i)

Fifth Column, The (play), (i)

films, Republican propaganda, (i)

First International, (i)

First World War, (i), (ii)

fist-fight, fascist sponsored, (i)

football match, regional tensions surface during, (i), (ii)

For Whom the Bell Tolls, (i), (ii)

Foreign Legion, Spanish see Legión

Fraga, Manuel, (i)

France, (i), (ii), (iii)

refugees in, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Franco y Bahamonde, General

Francisco, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Asturias rebellion, (i), (ii)

and the 1936 uprising, (i), (ii)

background, (i), (ii)

and Manuel Azaña, (i), (ii)

and Mola, (i), (ii), (iii)

relations with Italy, (i), (ii), (iii)

relations with Germany, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

and Quiepo de Llano, (i), (ii)

recognized as supreme commander, (i), (ii)

uses Madrid football team, (i)

and ETA, (i)

and Millán Astray, (i), (ii)

assumes control of Falange, (i), (ii)

Valle de los Caídos memorial, (i), (ii)

post-war and death, (i)

Franco y Bahamonde, Ramón (Franco’s brother), (i)

Freemasons, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Friends of Durriti, (i)

Gabriel (Lorca family’s caretaker), (i)

Galicians, character of, (i)

Galindo, Dióscoro, (i), (ii)

García Lorca, Federico, (i), (ii)

execution, (i), (ii)

helped by Rosales family, (i)

arrest and imprisonment, (i)

JW visits Memorial Park, (i), (ii), (iii)

proposed exhumation, (i), (ii)

Generalitat (government of Catalonia), (i)

Germany (Nazi), (i), (ii), (iii)

uses Spain as testing ground, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

military aid to Nationalists, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

bombing of Guernica, (i), (ii)

Gibralter, Strait of, (i)

Gil Robles, José María, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Goded, General Manuel, (i), (ii), (iii)

Goering, Hermann, (i)

Goya, Francisco, (i)

Granada, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Nationalist coup, (i), (ii), (iii)

Granada University, Faculty of Medicine, (i)

graves, (i), (ii), (iii)

mass, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

Great Britain, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

Guernica, (i), (ii), (iii)

Guernica (painting), (i)

gypsies, (i), (ii)

Hammaralt, Sarvapoldi, (i)

Hemingway, Ernest, (i), (ii)

Hendaye, (i), (ii), (iii)

Hernández, Jesús, (i)

Hitler, Adolf, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

Homage to Catalonia, (i), (ii)

House of Bernarda Alba, The, (i)

Ibarruri, Dolores (La Pasionaria), (i)

immigrants, hostility towards, (i)

industrial revolutions, (i)

International Brigades, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Internationale, The, (i)

Italy, (i), (ii)

military aid to Nationalists, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

James (i), King, (ii)

Javier (Kiki’s friend), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

jogger, at Castuera concentration camp, (i)

Kiki (friend of JW’s wife)

transformista/transvestite, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

admiration of Pío Moa, (i), (ii), (iii)

affected by Civil War, (i), (ii), (iii)

visits the Valle de los Caídos with JW, (i)

Koestler, Arthur, (i)

Largo Caballero, Francisco (prime minister), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

Lee, Laurie, (i)

Legión (Spanish Foreign Legion), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

suppression of left-wing miners in Asturias, (i), (ii)

JW visits headquarters, (i)

siege of Alcázar, (i), (ii)

Badajoz massacre, (i), (ii), (iii)

L’Espoir, (i)

Lorca see García Lorca, Federico

Lozano, Dr Pelayo, (i)

Luftwaffe, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Madrid

murders act as catalyst for the Civil War, (i)

1936 rebellion crushed, (i)

Nationalist assault on, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

football matches v. Barcelona, (i), (ii)

terrorist bombings, (i), (ii)

after Badajoz massacre, (i)

Maestrat, (i)

Málaga, (i)

Malraux, André, (i)

Manchester Guardian, (i)

Maqueda, (i)

Martínez, Manolo, (i), (ii)

Marxism see POUM,

May Days, (i), (ii), (iii)

McNair, John, (i)

media coverage, during Civil War

Republicans’ embarrassment due to, (i)

of Nationalists, (i), (ii)

between anarchists and communists, (i), (ii)

see also propaganda

Melilla, (i)

memorials, (i), (ii)

Miaja, General José, (i), (ii), (iii)

Millán Astray, General José, (i), (ii), (iii)

clash with Unamuno, (i)

Moa, Pío, (i)

Mola, General Emilio, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

key figure in 1936 uprising, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Moment of War, A, (i)

Monks, Noel, (i)

Moors (Moros), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

Moroccan Army, JW arrested by, (i)

Moroccans see Regulares

Morocco, Spanish, (i), (ii), (iii)

and 1936 uprising, (i)

JW in, (i)

Moscardó, Colonel José (later general)

siege of Alcázar and, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

background, (i)

final years, (i)

Moscardó, Luis ( José Moscardo’s son), (i)

Murcia, (i)

museum, JW visits Legión, (i)

Mussolini, Benito (Il Duce), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

National Front, (i)

Nationalists

Italian military aid, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

German military aid, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

1936 uprising, (i), (ii)

coup in Granada, (i), (ii), (iii)

propaganda, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

Seville falls to, (i)

battle for Madrid, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

siege of Alcázar, (i)

recognize Franco as supreme commander, (i), (ii)

destroy Guernica, (i)

Badajoz falls to, (i), (ii), (iii)

Alicante falls to, (i)

Málaga falls to, (i)

lose and regain Teruel, (i)

Barcelona falls to, (i)

Civil War ends, (i)

navy, Republican, (i), (ii)

Nazi-Soviet Pact, (i)

Negrín, Dr Juan (finance minister; prime minister), (i), (ii)

Nin, Andrés (POUM leader), (i), (ii), (iii)

Nitobe, Inazo, (i)

NKVD, torture methods, (i)

Non-Intervention Policy, (i)

Notes for the Next War, (i)

Nuremberg Trials, (i)

oil industry, (i)

Onaindía, Father Alberto, (i)

Operation Magic Fire, (i)

Opus Dei movement, (i)

Orgaz, Alfredo Rodríguez, (i)

Ortis, Pablo, (i)

Orwell, George, (i)

joins the POUM, (i), (ii)

caught in the May Days, (i)

wounded in Aragon, (i)

flees to England, (i)

pacto del olvido (pact of forgetting), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Pamplona, (i), (ii)

Paracuellos, (i)

Pasionaria, La (Dolores Ibarruri), (i)

peasants, (i)

living conditions, (i)

and anarchism, (i), (ii)

suppressed by Franco, (i)

Republican propaganda film, (i)

Pemán, José María, (i)

Pérez de Guzmán, Alonso, (i)

Perpignan

JW visits Javier in prison, (i)

concentration camps, (i), (ii)

Picasso, Pablo, (i), (ii)

Pinochet, General Augusto, (i)

Pius XII, Pope, (i), (ii)

Poland, (i)

police force, events before 1936 uprising, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

see also Civil Guard

Pollard, Diana (Hugh Pollard’s daughter), (i), (ii), (iii)

Pollard, Major Hugh (pilot), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Popular Front, French, (i)

Popular Front, Spanish, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

Portillo, Luis, (i)

post-war, the (la posguerra), (i)

POUM (Marxist Unification Workers’ Party), (i)

George Orwell and, (i), (ii)

clash with communists, (i)

destroyed, (i), (ii), (iii)

Prado Museum, art collection, (i)

Prieto, Indalecio (defence minister), (i), (ii)

Primo de Rivera, José Antonio (Falange leader), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

propaganda, (i)

fascist, present day, (i)

Nationalist, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

Republican, (i), (ii), (iii)

psychological warfare, Republican, (i)

Puente Bahamonde, Major Ricardo de la (Franco’s cousin), (i)

Quiepo de Llano, General Gonzalo, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

broadcasts Nationalist propaganda, (i), (ii), (iii)

captures Seville during 1936 uprising, (i)

radio broadcasts

Nationalist propaganda, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Republican propaganda, (i)

Raimundo ( Javier’s grandfather), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Real Madrid, regional tensions during matches v. Barcelona, (i), (ii)

Reconquest, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

refugees, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

Regulares, (i), (ii)

Asturias rebellion, (i), (ii)

siege of Alcázar, (i)

battle for Madrid, (i), (ii), (iii)

in Badajoz, (i), (ii), (iii)

Republic, second Spanish, (i), (ii), (iii)

Republican navy, (i), (ii)

Republican Spain, (i), (ii), (iii)

foreign support for, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

propaganda, (i), (ii), (iii)

fall of Castuera, (i), (ii)

refugees, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

siege of Alcázar, (i)

battle of Belchite, (i)

battle for Madrid, (i)

battle of Brunete, (i), (ii)

May Days, (i), (ii)

siege of Badajoz, (i), (ii), (iii)

fall of Málaga, (i)

capture and lose Teruel, (i)

battle of the Ebro, (i)

protects art collection, (i)

the end of, (i)

Richthofen, Wolfram von, (i)

Ride of the Valkyries, (i)

robbery, JW’s bag stolen in Saragossa, (i), (ii)

Rojo, Major (later General) Vicente, (i), (ii), (iii)

Roosevelt, Franklin D., (i), (ii)

Rosales, José (Luis’s brother), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Rosales, Luis (Lorca’s friend), (i), (ii)

Rosales, Miguel (Luis’s brother), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Rosales, Señora (Luis’s mother), (i)

Ruiz Alonso, Ramón, (i), (ii), (iii)

saffron, stains sea at Alicante, (i)

Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de, (i)

Salamanca, (i)

university, Millán Astray and Unamuno clash, (i), (ii)

Salud ( JW’s wife), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

Sanjurjo, General José, (i), (ii)

Santander, (i)

Saragossa, (i)

JW in, (i), (ii)

battle of Belchite, (i), (ii)

Second World War, (i), (ii)

Civil War, rehearsal for, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Seisdedos, (i)

Sesé, Antonio, (i)

Seville, (i), (ii), (iii)

Quiepo de Llano’s coup, (i)

SIM (secret police), (i)

Soldevila, Cardinal Juan, (i)

Soviet Union, military aid to

Republicans, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

Spain, present-day

fascist sponsored fist-fight, (i)

an end to the pact of forgetting, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Conscience of Castuera, (i), (ii)

regional tensions surface during football match, (i), (ii)

extreme right-wing lecture, (i), (ii)

sanitized education, (i), (ii)

two Spains, (i)

JW’s love of, (i)

Spain in Flames, (i)

Spanish Communist Party, (i)

Spanish Earth, The, (i)

Spanish high commissioner of Morocco, (i)

Spanish Morocco see Morocco, Spanish

Spender, Stephen, (i)

Sperrle, General Hugo von, (i), (ii)

Stalin, Joseph, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

Steer, George, (i), (ii)

Tacitus, (i)

Talavera, (i)

Tarifa, (i)

taxi driver, takes JW to Lorca’s grave, (i), (ii), (iii)

Taylor, D. J., (i)

Tenerife, (i), (ii)

Teruel, (i), (ii)

Tetuán, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

Toledo, siege of Alcázar, (i)

transvestites, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

Treaty of the Pyrenees, (i)

Tree of Gernika, The, (i)

Unamuno, Miguel de, (i)

clash with Millán Astray, (i), (ii)

United States of America, (i)

Roosevelt aids Republicans, (i)

oil industry support Nationalists, (i)

Franco accepted by, (i)

Valencia, (i), (ii), (iii)

fascist sponsored fist-fight in, (i)

Valle de los Caídos (Valley of the Fallen)

JW visits, (i)

and Franco, (i)

Varela, General José, (i), (ii), (iii)

Vatican, the, (i)

Victoria, Duquesa de la, (i)

Vidal-Cuadras, Captain, (i)

Villa-Abrille, General José, (i)

Virgin of the Fuencisla, (i)

Vitoria, (i)

Vizcaya, (i)

Víznar, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

volunteers, foreign, (i)

see also George Orwell

Wagner, Richard

Hitler influenced by Siegfried, (i)

Republicans use music as psychological warfare, (i)

Warnock, Iain ( JW’s great-uncle), (i)

Warnock, Jack ( JW’s great-grandfather), (i)

Watson, Dorothy, (i), (ii), (iii)

weaponry, used in Civil War, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

Webster, Jason

home, (i), (ii), (iii)

attempts to save goat, (i)

unmarked grave sparks interest in Civil War, (i)

attends fascist sponsored fist-fight, (i)

family history, (i)

visits Legión museum and old HQ, (i)

arrested at Legión HQ, (i)

experiences racial tensions at Ceuta border, (i)

visits Lorca’s grave, (i), (ii), (iii)

meets Miguel Botella, (i)

visits Castuera, (i)

experiences regional tensions in Burgos bar, (i)

robbed and destitute in Saragossa, (i), (ii)

visits Belchite, (i)

in Madrid with Kiki, (i), (ii)

attends Pío Moa lecture, (i)

visits Valle de los Caídos with Kiki, (i)

in Badajoz, (i), (ii)

Manolo describes horrors of Civil War, (i)

visits Javier in Perpignan prison, (i)

scatters flowers in memory of refugee’s daughter, (i)

Welles, Orson, (i)

wildlife, near JW’s home, (i), (ii)

workers, organizations, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

wrestling-match, fascist sponsored, (i)

Yagüe, Colonel Juan, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)